Acute renal failure will not be caused by which condition?

• A. Hypovolemia
• B. Hypervolemia
• C. Dehydration
• D. Sepsis

Answer: (B)

Acute kidney injury almost always starts from reduced renal perfusion or direct kidney injury. When there’s not enough circulating blood volume, as with hypovolemia or dehydration, kidney blood flow falls and the kidneys can’t filter effectively, leading to prerenal AKI. Sepsis can trigger AKI through systemic inflammation and blood-pressure changes that impair renal perfusion and damage tubular cells. Excess fluid in the body (hypervolemia) does not typically initiate AKI by itself; it can worsen edema or venous congestion in heart failure, but it isn’t a primary cause of acute renal failure. So hypervolemia is not a typical initiating factor for AKI.